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Descendants of Berthold I Zahringen

Generation No. 23

58. FRIEDERICH²³ ZAHRINGEN (KARL III WILHELM²², FREDERICK VII²¹ VON BADEN-DURLACH, FREDERICK VI²⁰ ZAHRINGEN, FREDERICK V¹⁹, GEROGE FREDERICK¹⁸, CHARLES II¹⁷, ERNEST¹⁶, CHRISTOPHER I¹⁵, CHARLES I¹⁴, JAMES I¹³, BERNARD I¹², RUDOLF VI¹¹, FREDERICK III¹⁰, RUDOLF IV⁹, HERMAN VII⁸, RUDOLF I⁷, HERMAN V⁶, HERMAN IV⁵, HERMAN III⁴, HERMAN II³, HERMAN I², BERTHOLD I¹) was born October 07, 1703, and died March 26, 1732. He married ANNA CHARLOTTE FRISCO July 03, 1727, daughter of JOHN WILLIAM FRISCO. She was born October 13, 1710, and died September 17, 1777.

More About FRIEDERICH ZAHRINGEN:
Title (Facts Pg): Prince of Baden

Children of FRIEDERICH ZAHRINGEN and ANNA FRISCO are:

65.	i.		KARL FREDERICH²⁴ ZAHRINGEN, b. November 22, 1728, Karlsruhe, Baden; d. June 10, 1811, Karlsruhe, Baden.
	ii.		WILLIAM LUDWIG ZAHRINGEN, b. January 14, 1731/32; d. December 17, 1788.

59. ADOLF FREDERICK²³ VON HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP (ALBERTINA²² VON BADEN-DURLACH, FREDERICK VII²¹, FREDERICK VI²⁰ ZAHRINGEN, FREDERICK V¹⁹, GEROGE FREDERICK¹⁸, CHARLES II¹⁷, ERNEST¹⁶, CHRISTOPHER I¹⁵, CHARLES I¹⁴, JAMES I¹³, BERNARD I¹², RUDOLF VI¹¹, FREDERICK III¹⁰, RUDOLF IV⁹, HERMAN VII⁸, RUDOLF I⁷, HERMAN V⁶, HERMAN IV⁵, HERMAN III⁴, HERMAN II³, HERMAN I², BERTHOLD I¹) was born May 14, 1710 in Gottorp, Schleswig, and died February 12, 1771 in Stockholm, Sweden.

Notes for ADOLF FREDERICK VON HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP:
King of Sweden from 1751 to 1771. He was the son of Christian Augustus (1673-1726), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, and of Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach.

While Adolf Frederick was bishop of Lübeck (1727-50), he administered Holstein-Kiel (1739-45) during the minority of Duke Charles Peter Ulrich (afterward Peter III of Russia). In 1743 he was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the "Hat" faction, which favoured a foreign policy that would regain Swedish hegemony in the Baltic. The Hats hoped by their choice to obtain better conditions of peace from the Russian empress Elizabeth, who was favourable to the house of Gottorp. He thus succeeded to the throne after the death of Frederick I (1751).

Most of the power during the new king's reign rested in the Riksdag (parliament). Twice he tried to free himself of its control: in his first attempt (1756) he nearly lost his throne, but in his second (1768-69)--with the assistance of his son, Crown Prince Gustav -- he brought about the overthrow of the generally pro-Russian and pro-Prussian "Cap" Party in the Riksdag. The victorious Hats, however, reneged on their promise to increase the king's power.

More About ADOLF FREDERICK VON HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP:
Title (Facts Pg): Bet. 1751 - 1771, King of Sweden

Children of ADOLF FREDERICK VON HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP are:

66.	i.		GUSTAV III²⁴ VASA, b. January 24, 1745/46, Stockholm, Sweden; d. March 29, 1792, Stockholm, Sweden.
	ii.		CHARLES XIII VASA, b. October 07, 1748, Stockholm, Sweden; d. February 05, 1818, Stockholm, Sweden.

Notes for CHARLES XIII VASA:
King of Sweden from 1809 and, from 1814 to 1818, first king of the union of Sweden and Norway. The second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden, he was created duke of Södermanland by his elder brother, King Gustav III, and later served as admiral of the fleet during the Russo-Swedish War (1788-90). In 1792, on the death of his brother, he became regent for his nephew, the 13-year-old Gustav IV. Charles was little gifted and lacked strength of character, so that real power passed to advisers until Gustav himself began to exert influence. The latter's unsuccessful policy during the Napoleonic Wars resulted in his deposition (March 1809), and Charles, prematurely aged and childless, was elected king in his place. The Riksdag (Parliament) provided for the succession by naming Duke Christian August (later Charles August) heir apparent, and, on his early death in 1810, one of Napoleon's marshals, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, whom Charles adopted as his son. From then until his death, Charles was eclipsed by the Crown Prince, even in his symbolic role.

More About CHARLES XIII VASA:
Title (Facts Pg) 1: Bet. 1809 - 1818, King of Sweden
Title (Facts Pg) 2: Bet. 1814 - 1818, King of the Union of Sweden and Norway.

60. PHILIPPE II²³ D'ORLÉANS (ELIZABETH CHARLOTTE²² WITTELSBACH, CHARLES I LOUIS²¹, FREDERICK V²⁰, FREDERICK IV¹⁹, LOUIS IV¹⁸, FREDERICK III¹⁷, BEATIX¹⁶ ZAHRINGEN, CHRISTOPHER I¹⁵, CHARLES I¹⁴, JAMES I¹³, BERNARD I¹², RUDOLF VI¹¹, FREDERICK III¹⁰, RUDOLF IV⁹, HERMAN VII⁸, RUDOLF I⁷, HERMAN V⁶, HERMAN IV⁵, HERMAN III⁴, HERMAN II³, HERMAN I², BERTHOLD I¹) was born August 02, 1674, and died December 02, 1723. He married FRANCOISE MARIE DE BLOIS February 18, 1691/92.

Notes for PHILIPPE II D'ORLÉANS:
Philippe II, duc d'Orléans, 1674-1723, regent of France (1715-23) during the minority of Louis XV, distinguished himself in the War of the Grand Alliance and in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was known for his cynicism and immorality. The will of King Louis XIV, which made him president of the regency council, severely restricted his authority, but he had the will annulled. His rule was marked by a
resurgence of the noble elements subdued by Louis XIV. Councils of state, comprising the higher nobility, were formed, but they failed, and government by ministers, or secretaries of state, was restored.

To deal with the financial crisis, Orléans called on John Law, who established a royal bank, but Law's financial schemes collapsed in 1720. Foreign affairs under the regency were conducted by Guillaume Dubois. Orléans concluded the Quadruple Alliance of 1718 and made war on Spain (1719-20). Social life during his regency reached an apex of licentiousness. The ambitions of the regent and his descendants ultimately brought the house of Orléans into open opposition to the ruling house.

More About PHILIPPE II D'ORLÉANS:
Title (Facts Pg): Bet. 1715 - 1723, Regent of France

Child of PHILIPPE D'ORLÉANS and FRANCOISE DE BLOIS is:

67.

LOUIS²⁴ D'ORLÉANS, b. August 04, 1703; d. February 04, 1752.

61. WILHEMINA²³ OF BRUNSWICK-LUNENBURG (BENEDICTE HENRIETTE²² WITTELSBACH, EDWARD²¹, FREDERICK V²⁰, FREDERICK IV¹⁹, LOUIS IV¹⁸, FREDERICK III¹⁷, BEATIX¹⁶ ZAHRINGEN, CHRISTOPHER I¹⁵, CHARLES I¹⁴, JAMES I¹³, BERNARD I¹², RUDOLF VI¹¹, FREDERICK III¹⁰, RUDOLF IV⁹, HERMAN VII⁸, RUDOLF I⁷, HERMAN V⁶, HERMAN IV⁵, HERMAN III⁴, HERMAN II³, HERMAN I², BERTHOLD I¹) was born April 21, 1673. She married JOSEPH I HABSBURG February 24, 1698/99, son of LEOPOLD HABSBURG and ELEANOR WITTELSBACH. He was born July 26, 1678 in Vienna, and died April 17, 1711 in Vienna.

Notes for JOSEPH I HABSBURG:
1678-1711, Holy Roman emperor (1705-11), king of Hungary (1687-1711) and of Bohemia (1705-11), son and successor of Leopold I. Joseph became Holy Roman emperor in the midst of the War of the Spanish Succession and died before it ended. He vigorously supported the claim of his brother (who succeeded him as Charles VI) to the Spanish throne. During his reign Hungary was in revolt under Francis II Rákóczy, but by 1711 the rebellion had been quelled. Joseph made some attempts at internal reform. A musician and an admirer of art, he encouraged cultural life in Vienna.

More About JOSEPH I HABSBURG:
Title (Facts Pg) 1: Bet. 1705 - 1711, Holy Roman Emeror
Title (Facts Pg) 2: Bet. 1687 - 1711, King of Hungary
Title (Facts Pg) 3: Bet. 1705 - 1711, King of Bohemia

Children of WILHEMINA OF BRUNSWICK-LUNENBURG and JOSEPH HABSBURG are:

68.	i.	MARIA JOSEPHA²⁴ HABSBURG, b. December 08, 1699; d. November 17, 1757.
	ii.	LEOPOLD JOSEPH HABSBURG, b. 1700; d. 1701.
	iii.	MARIA AMELIA HABSBURG, b. October 22, 1701; d. December 11, 1756; m. CHARLES ALBERT OF BAVARIA, October 05, 1722.

62. GEORGE II²³ HANOVER (GEORGE I LOUIS²², SOPHIA²¹ WITTELSBACH, FREDERICK V²⁰, FREDERICK IV¹⁹, LOUIS IV¹⁸, FREDERICK III¹⁷, BEATIX¹⁶ ZAHRINGEN, CHRISTOPHER I¹⁵, CHARLES I¹⁴, JAMES I¹³, BERNARD I¹², RUDOLF VI¹¹, FREDERICK III¹⁰, RUDOLF IV⁹, HERMAN VII⁸, RUDOLF I⁷, HERMAN V⁶, HERMAN IV⁵, HERMAN III⁴, HERMAN II³, HERMAN I², BERTHOLD I¹) was born October 30, 1683 in Schloss Herrenhausen, Hanover, and died October 25, 1760 in Kensington Palace. He married WILHELMINA CAROLINE OF ANSPACH August 22, 1705 in Schloss Herrenhausen, Hanover, daughter of JOHN FREDERICK OF BRANDENBURG-ANSBACH. She was born 1683, and died 1737.

Notes for GEORGE II HANOVER:
(George Augustus) 1683-1760, king of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60), son and successor of George I. Though devoted to Hanover, of which he was elector, George was more active in the English government than his father had been. Caroline of Ansbach (whom he married in 1705), through the subtle influence she exerted over him, furthered the ascendancy of the great Whig minister, Sir Robert Walpole. The early part of his reign was peaceful and notably prosperous. However, just as George had quarreled with his father over personal matters, so Frederick Louis, prince of Wales, was strongly at odds with the king and became nominal head of the opposition group that ousted Walpole in 1742. In the War of the Austrian Succession, George led his troops in person at the battle of Dettingen (1743) -- the last time a British monarch did so. In 1745-46 the last uprising of the Jacobites was suppressed. England was expanding as a commercial and colonial power and clashed with France in India and in America as well as in Europe in the complex struggle known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). The principal ministers after the fall of Walpole were Henry Pelham, his brother, Thomas Pelham-Holles, duke of Newcastle, and William Pitt, later earl of Chatham, the architect of England's victory in the Seven Years War. George was succeeded by his grandson George III.

More About GEORGE II HANOVER:
Title (Facts Pg): Bet. 1727 - 1760, King of Great Britain and Ireland

Notes for WILHELMINA CAROLINE OF ANSPACH:
(Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline) 1683-1737, queen consort of George II of England, daughter of the margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. She married George in 1705 while he was electoral prince of Hanover and bore him three sons and five daughters. After his accession (1727) she gave active support to Sir Robert Walpole. Her political influence over the king lasted until her death.

Children of GEORGE HANOVER and WILHELMINA OF ANSPACH are:

69.	i.	FREDERICK LOUIS²⁴ HANOVER, b. 1707; d. 1751.
70.	ii.	ANNE HANOVER, b. 1709; d. 1759.
	iii.	AMELIA HANOVER, b. 1711; d. 1788.
	iv.	CAROLINE HANOVER, b. 1713; d. 1757.
	v.	WILLIAM AUGUSTUS HANOVER, b. 1721; d. 1765.
	vi.	MARY HANOVER, b. 1723; d. 1772; m. FREDERICK II OF HESSE-CASSEL.
71.	vii.	LOUISA HANOVER, b. 1724; d. 1751.

63. SOPHIA DOROTHEA²³ HANOVER (GEORGE I LOUIS²², SOPHIA²¹ WITTELSBACH, FREDERICK V²⁰, FREDERICK IV¹⁹, LOUIS IV¹⁸, FREDERICK III¹⁷, BEATIX¹⁶ ZAHRINGEN, CHRISTOPHER I¹⁵, CHARLES I¹⁴, JAMES I¹³, BERNARD I¹², RUDOLF VI¹¹, FREDERICK III¹⁰, RUDOLF IV⁹, HERMAN VII⁸, RUDOLF I⁷, HERMAN V⁶, HERMAN IV⁵, HERMAN III⁴, HERMAN II³, HERMAN I², BERTHOLD I¹) was born 1687, and died 1757. She married FREDERICK WILIAM I HOHENZOLLERN, son of FREDERICK HOHENZOLLERN and SOPHIA HANOVER. He was born 1688, and died 1740.

Notes for FREDERICK WILIAM I HOHENZOLLERN:
1688-1740, king of Prussia (1713-40), son and successor of Frederick I. He continued the administrative reforms and the process of centralization begun by Frederick William, the Great Elector, creating a strong, absolutist state. He practiced rigid economy, and at his death there was a large surplus in the treasury. The Prussian army was made an efficient instrument of war. Although Frederick William built up one of the most powerful armies in Europe, he was essentially a peaceful man. He intervened briefly in the Northern War, but gained little territory. Later, he signed a treaty (1728) with Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in the hope of acquiring the territories of Jülich and Berg, to which he had a hereditary claim. The emperor subsequently went back on this agreement. Frederick William was a coarse man, and he had contempt for his gifted heir, who was to succeed him as Frederick II (Frederick the Great).

More About FREDERICK WILIAM I HOHENZOLLERN:
Title (Facts Pg): Bet. 1713 - 1740, King of Prussia

Children of SOPHIA HANOVER and FREDERICK HOHENZOLLERN are:

FREDERICK II²⁴ HOHENZOLLERN, b. 1712; d. 1786; m. ELIZABETH OF BRUNSWICK-BEVERN, 1733.

Notes for FREDERICK II HOHENZOLLERN:
1712-86, king of Prussia (1740-86), son and successor of Frederick William I. Frederick's coarse and tyrannical father despised the prince, who showed a taste for French art and literature and no interest in government and war. At the age of 18 Frederick, who had been repeatedly humiliated and ill-treated, planned to escape to England. He was arrested, imprisoned, and forced to witness the beheading of his friend and accomplice, Lieutenant Katte. Frederick submitted to his father and was released. In 1733, at his father's request, he married Elizabeth of Brunswick-Bevern, but he separated from her shortly afterward and for the rest of his life showed no interest in women.

Prince Frederick spent the next few years at Rheinsberg, where he wrote his Anti-Machiavel, an idealistic refutation of Machiavelli, and began his long correspondence with Voltaire. His period of relative inactivity ended with his accession to the throne in 1740, after which Frederick immediately showed the qualities of leadership and decision were to characterize his reign.

In the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) against Maria Theresa, Frederick invaded Silesia without warning, simultaneously offering his aid to Maria Theresa if she ceded a portion of Silesia to him. A brilliant campaigner, Frederick acted with utter disregard of his allies, notably France, and twice concluded separate peace treaties with Maria Theresa (1742, 1745), both times securing Upper and Lower Silesia for Prussia.

In the Seven Years War (1756-63), possession of Silesia was again in dispute; Maria Theresa wished to recover it, and Frederick faced a strong coalition including Austria, Russia, and France. England was his only strong ally. Victorious at Rossbach and Leuthen (1757), he was routed (1759) at Kunersdorf by the Austro-Russian forces, who in 1760 occupied Berlin. In that dark period, it is said, Frederick was on the verge of suicide. However, the accession (1762) of his admirer, Peter III of Russia, took Russia out of the war and opened Frederick's way to victory.

The Peace of Hubertusburg (1763) left Frederick his previous conquests and made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe. Frederick was brilliantly assisted by his principal generals, Seydlitz, James Keith, Ferdinand of Brunswick, Hans Joachim von Zieten, and others. His tactics were studied and admired by Napoleon Bonaparte and exerted great influence on the art of warfare.

After the peace of 1763 Frederick promoted an alliance with Russia, which had nearly defeated him in the Seven Years War. The establishment of a Russo-Prussian alliance prepared the way for the eventual dismemberment of Poland. By the first partition of Poland in 1772, Frederick vastly expanded the limits of Prussia. His rivalry with Austria persisted. He opposed any attempts by Austria to extend its power within the Holy Roman Empire and instigated the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-79) to prevent Austrian annexation of Bavaria. He also created (1785) the Fürstenbund [league of princes] to check Austrian schemes.

Frederick continued his father's fundamental domestic policies. His first care was the strength and discipline of his army. An "enlightened despot," he instituted important legal and penal reforms, set up trade monopolies to create new industries, forwarded education, and accomplished internal improvements such as drainage projects, roads, and canals. Though he improved the lot of his own serfs, the nobility had more control over their peasants after his reign than before.

Frederick was tolerant in religious matters, personally professing atheism to his intimates. Cold and curt, he relaxed only during his famous midnight suppers at Sans Souci, his residence at Potsdam. There he was surrounded by a group of educated men, mostly French, that included at times Voltaire (who broke with him in 1753 but who later resumed his friendship from a safe distance), d'Alembert, La Mettrie, and Maupertuis.

Frederick's wit was corrosive and icy. He wrote inconsequential poetry and remarkable prose on politics, history, military science, and philosophy. Nearly all his writings were in French. He failed to appreciate such men as Lessing and Goethe, who were among his most ardent admirers. A pupil of Quantz, he played the flute creditably, and he composed marches, concertos for the flute, and other pieces. Frederick's personal appearance in his later years -- small, sharp-featured, untidy, and snuff-stained-- has become part of the legend of "Old Fritz." He was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick William II.

More About FREDERICK II HOHENZOLLERN:
Title (Facts Pg): King of Prussia

72.

ii.

UNKNOWN HOHENZOLLERN.

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