Early Netherlands Time Line

1st c. B.C. ~~~ Roman forces conquered most of what is now the Netherlands, then occupied by the Germanic tribe called "Frisians" and by several minor Celtic and Germanic tribes.

300 A.D. ~~~ Roman rule weakened, and other Germanic tribes along with the Saxons and Franks pushed into the area.

800 ~~~ By now, the land was controlled by the Frankish monarch and emperor, Charlemagne.

843 ~~~ After Charlemagne's death, his empire crumbled, and the Treaty of Verdun divided the area into three parts, with the Netherlands becoming part of Lotharingia ("Lorraine").

925 ~~~ Netherlands becomes part of the Holy Roman Empire; a Dutch nation still did not exist .

12th c. ~~~ During the 12th - 14th centuries, powerful towns began to develop and wealthy merchants began to challenge power of the nobles.

13th c. ~~~ In the Middle Ages, political powers developed, such as the ruling counts of Holland, the bishopric of Utrecht, and [continued]

14th c. ~~~ the duchies of Gelderland and Brabant, with the Frisians [continued]

15th c. ~~~ remaining with their regional headsmen.

16th c. ~~~ Most of the Netherlands of today (Holland, Utrecht, Brabant, and Gelderland) was ruled by the Burgundy dukes into the early 16th century.

1517 ~~~ Religious reformer, Martin Luther, posts his 95 theses on Palast Church door in Wittenberg in protest, beginning the Reformation in Germany.

1519 ~~~ Holder of what is now the Netherlands, Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, dies (b. 1459); his grandson, Charles I of Spain, succeeds as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (crowned in 1520). Although Charles V is of the Spanish branch of the house of Hapsburg, he was born in Ghent. (Unlike Charles V, his successor, his son, Philip II, had been born and raised in Spain and had little liking for the Netherlands.)

[Martin Luther (1483-1546) questions the infallibility of papal decisions; Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) preaches in Zurich, beginning the Swiss Reformation]

1520 ~~~ Dutch painter Pieter "the Peasant" Brueghel the Elder is born (d. 1569).

1527 ~~ Flemish composer Adrian Willaert (1490-1562) made maestro di capella at St. mark's in Venice.

[Reformation begins in Sweden; First Protestant university founded at Marburg]

1528 ~~~ Plan by Cardinal Wolsey to move the English staple town for wool from Antwerp to Calais causes the weavers of Kent to riot.

[Reformation begins in Scotland; Severe plague outbreak in England; Henry VIII seeks divorce from Catherine of Aragon]

1530 ~~~ The Antwerp exchange is founded.

1532 ~~~ Dutch composer Orlando di Lasso born (d. 1594).

[Reformation begins in France with John Calvin]

1533 ~~~ Dutch leader, William the Silent, born (d. 1584); Dutch painter Lucas van Leyden dies (b. 1494).

1537 ~~~ First map of Flanders by Flemish mathematician and geographer, Gerardus Mercator, the Latinized form of "Gerhard Kremer."

1538 ~~~ Mercator uses the name "America" and "North America" for the first time.

1539 ~~~ Dutch writer and statesman Marnix van St. Aldegonde born (d. 1598); A collection of allegorical plays called "Gentse Spelen" performed at Ghent (now capital of East Flanders Province, Belgium).

1540 ~~~ Antwerp becomes very important commercial city.

1543 ~~~ Spanish Inquisition burns first Protestant victims at the stake.

1546 ~~~ Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator declares the earth has a magnetic pole.

[Religious reformer Martin Luther dies (b. 1483). Civil War in Germany between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League]

1549 ~~~ Adrian Willaert combines Dutch and Italian musical styles in "Fantasie e Ricercari;" End of "Middle Dutch" language (1100 to 1549), which underwent changes in sounds and inflections; no standard written form was recognized, with each writer using his own dialect.

[Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England]

1550 ~~~ Beginning of "Modern Dutch" language (1550-present).

[Spain at the peak of power]

1553 ~~~ [King Edward VI of England (b. 1537) dies; Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England, but is deposed nine days later; Mary I (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon) becomes Queen of England (she dies in 1558). Richard Chancellor journeys ro Russia via Archangel (see "1584")]

Note: COLE genealogy published by Harry E. COLE, Columbia Co., PA, states that, during the "religious persecutions of 1553," James COLE fled England and went to Amsterdam, Holland, with his brother, Edward COLE. Another brother, William COLE, went to Geneva, Switzerland, and collaborated on the Geneva Bible. James COLE remained in Holland, being affiliated with "Dutch shipping interests," but William and Edward returned to England when James I ascended to the throne. ** No proof has yet been found to substantiate this claim; no sources were stated in the above genealogy for these claims. **

1555 ~~~ The beginning of the oppressive rule of Philip II (son of Charles V and Spanish by birth and education), who is given control over Netherlands' government this year, leads to revolt in the Netherlands and the beginning of the long war for independence from Spain (1568-1648).

1556 ~~~ Charles V abdicates, assigns Spain to his son Philip II, gives the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires to a monastery.

1557 ~~~ State bankruptcy in Spain and France; Influenza epidemic spreads all across Europe.

1559 ~~~ Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, is Regent in the Netherlands; Flemish painter Brueghel's "Proverbs."

1560 ~~~ Dutch sculptor Adriaen de Vries born (d. 1627). Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France.

1561 ~~~ First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England; Antwerp's (in Belgium, at times held by the Netherlands) Town Hall by Cornelis Floris; Tulips from Constantinople in the Near East introduced to Western Europe (causing a craze in Holland by 1634 what was called "tulipomania," during which extreme prices were paid for single bulbs). Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots.

1562 ~~~ Dutch organist and composer, Jan Sweelinck, born (d. 1621); Flemish composer, Adrian Willaert, dies (b. 1490); Flemish painter Brueghel's "Two Chained Monkeys."

[Plague in Paris; 1,200 French Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy prompting first War of Religion. O'Neill rebellion in Ireland]

1563 ~~~ Flemish mathematician and geographer, Gerardus/Gerhardus Mercator (Latinized form of "Gerhard Kremer"), draws the first accurate map of Lorraine; Flemish painter Brueghel's "Tower of Babel." Outbreak of plague in Europe, kills over 20,000 in London.

[Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France and Huguenots are granted limited toleration.Counter Reformation to restore Catholicism begins in Bavaria (Protestant nobles of the Reformation were expelled the next year).]

1564 ~~~ Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland; Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel's "Christ Carrying the Cross;" His son, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, is born (d. 1638).

1566 ~~~ Calvinists riot in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes the Inquisition; Philip II sends Spanish troops to the Netherlands, commanded by Fernando Alverez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, a man of excessively harsh policies; Flemish painter Brueghel's "St. John the Baptist."

1567 ~~~ Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; arrests Counts Egmont and Hoorn; Margaret of Parma resigns regency; Flemish painter Brueghel's "Adoration of the Magi.

1568 ~~~ Dutch Counts Egmont and Hoorn pronounced guilty of high reason and are beheaded in Brussels; Dutch painter Jan Brueghel ("Velvet Brueghel") born (d. 1625);Flemish mathematician and geographer, Gerardus Mercator, devises cylindrical projection for charts.

[Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France]

1569 ~~~ Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel ("Peasant Brueghel") dies (b. 1520); Flemish painter Hans Eworth's "Queen Elizabeth Confounding Juno;" Mercator's "Cosmographis" and navigational map of the world.

[40,000 die of carbuncular fever in Lisbon. Rebellion in northern England]

1570 ~~~ "Theatrum orbis terrarum," first modern atlas with 53 maps by Abraham Ortelius of Antwerp.

[Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war of France; Huguenots gain amnesty]

1572 ~~~ Dutch War for Independence begins; Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during the Spanish siege of Haarlem.

[Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris when 2,000 Huguenots are murdered there, among them Gascard de Coligny; Fourth War of Religion begins in France. Francis Drake attacks Spanish harbors in America]

1573 ~~~ Spanish capture Haarlem after a seven-month siege; Duke of Alba leaves Brussels for Spain

[Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected King of Poland; returns to France to prepare to succeed his brother Charles IX (d. 1574); Fourth French War of Religion ends; Huguenots granted amnesty]

1574 ~~~ Justus Lipsius edits Tacitus' "The Annals," published by Plantin, Antwerp.

[Charles IX of France dies, succeeded by his brother, Henry III, King of Poland; Fifth French War of Religion; Hubert Languet's "Vindiciae contra tyrannos," on the political theories of the Huguenots. First auto-da-fé in Mexico]

1575 ~~~ At conference in Breda, Philip II refuses to grant concessions to Dutch rebels; Dutch architect Cornelis Floris dies (b. 1514); University of Leiden ("Leyden") founded by William of Orange in Leiden, one of the oldest cities in Holland, for its heroic one-year defense against Spain (until relieved by William).

[State bankruptcy in Spain. Outbreak of plague in Sicily spreads through Italy up to Milan]

1576 ~~~ Philip II of Spain makes his half brother Don John of Austria Governor of the Netherlands; Act of Federation between Holland and Zeeland signed in Delft; Congress of Ghent discusses pacification of the Netherlands; Spanish sack Antwerp.

[Edict of Beaulieu tolerating Reformed religion in France; Emperor Maximilian II dies, succeeded by his brother, Rudolf II]

1577 ~~~ Perpetual Edict issued by Austria's Don John to end the civil war in the Netherlands is rejected by William of Orange; Don John is deposed by the Parliament of the Republic, the "States General;" William of Orange enters Brussels; Birth of Dutch poet Jacob "Father" Cats (d. 1660); The births of Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens (d. 1640), and Flemish physician and scientist Johann Baptista van Helmont (d. 1644); Death of Walloon composer Mattheus Le Maistre (b. 1505).

[Henry of Navarre recognized head of Huguenot party; Sixth French War of Religion breaks out, ended by Peace of Bergerac. Francis Drake begins his circumnavigation of the globe via Cape Horn]

1578 ~~~ Elizabeth I offers to mediate between Don John of Austria and the Dutch; Don John dies (b. 1545); Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, succeeds as Governor of the Netherlands.

[The English College of Douai moved to Rheims ("Reims," Germany)]

1579 ~~~ Dutch and English sign a military alliance; Signing of the Union of Utrecht, an anti-Spanish alliance of all of the northern and some southern territories, is brought about by John of Nassau, brother of Prince William of Orange, and marks the foundation of the Dutch Republic; Dutch dramatist Samuel Coster born (d. 1665); Birth of Dutch painter, Frans Snyders (d. 1657).

1581 ~~~ Dutch provinces within the Union of Ultrecht proclaim their independence from Spain; Birth of Dutch poet, Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft; "Geuzenlied Boek," an anthology of Dutch songs, including the national, "Wilhelmus van Nassauwe."

1582 ~~~ Dutch along with France and Scandinavia accept Gregorian Calendar in December (Papal States, Spain, and Portugal in October; England in 1752); Utrecht Library founded; Birth of Dutch painter, David Teniers the Elder (d. 1649); Attempt on life of William of Orange.

1583 ~~~ Duke of Anjou sacks Antwerp and retires from the Netherlands; William of Orange accepts sovereignty of the Netherlands; Dutch statesman and jurist, Hugo Grotius, born (d. 1645); Dutch didactic poem, "Pegasides Pleyn Amorosity," by Baptista Honwaerd.

1584 ~~~ Dutch trading post at Archangel, Russia, founded; Instigated by Philip II of Spain, William of Orange murdered by a Spanish assassin, Balthazar Gérard, handing a major loss to the Dutch in their quest for independence.

[Sir Walter Raleigh discovers Virginia. Joseph Cotton born (d. 1652)]

1585 ~~~ Spain reconquers most of the south, including Antwerp; Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England decline sovereignty of the Netherlands; but Elizabeth takes the Netherlands under her protection and, from 1585 to 1587, English troops are sent to Europe to aid the rebellion; Antwerp loses its importance as international port to Rotterdam and Amsterdam; Dutch poet and one of the founders of the Amsterdam Theater, Gerbrand Adriensz Bredero, born (d. 1618); Book about sailing, "Spiegel der Zeevaart," by Lucas Janszoon Waghearen.

1586 ~~~ Mary, Queen of Scots, recognizes Philip II of Spain as her heir. Pope Sixtus V promises financial aid to send the Spanish Armada against England.

1587 ~~~ Dutch dramatist and one of the greatest and most prolific poets of the "Golden Age," Joost van den Vondel born (d. 1679); Dutch manual on rhetoric, "Rederijckkunst."

[John Winthrop becomes the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony]

1588 ~~~ The Dutch struggle is aided by defeat of the Spanish Armada, which severely limits Spain's ability to wage war; Consequently, William of Orange's son, Prince Maurice, battles the Spanish with great success, clearing the territories of the "Seven United Provinces" of Spanish troops by the century's end.

[Spanish Armada defeated by English; English Guinea Company founded]

1590 ~~~ Death of Dutch writer, Dirk Volkertszoon Coornhert (b. 1522).

1592 ~~~ Windmills now drive mechanical saws in Holland.

[15,000 people die in London of the Plague]

1593 ~~~ Birth of Dutch painter Jacob Jordaëns; Birth of Dutch navigator Anthony van Diemen.

[Henry IV becomes a Roman Catholic. Plague closes theaters in London]

1594 ~~~ Death of Flemish mathematician and geographer, Gerardus/Gerhardus Mercator (Latinized form of "Gerhard Kremer") who devised the "Mercator map projection of parallel and intersecting lines of meridians and latitude (b. 1512).

[Henry IV enters Paris after being crowned King of France; Edict of St. Germain-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship. London theaters reopen in May after closing last year due to the plague]

1595 ~~~ Dutch begin to colonize the East Indies; Mercator's atlas is published posthumously; Birth of Dutch diamond merchant Kiliaen Van Rensselaer (1595-1644), member of a wealthy Amsterdam family -- he was active in the founding of the Dutch colony, New Netherland, & was one of the promoters & organizers of the Dutch West India Company. After the successful settlement of New Amsterdam (New York), he purchased a large tract of land on the Hudson south of Albany where he established a settlement of mechanics and farmers, called Rensselaerswick, covering most of the three counties of Albany, Rennselaer, & Columbia, and was the first and one of the largest of the PATROONships" in New York.

[Henry IV declares war on Spain; The Spanish land in Cornwall, burning Penzance and Mousehole; English Jesuit poet Robert Southwell hanged at Tyburn; England's army no longer uses bow as weapon of war; Sir Walter Raleigh explores 300 miles up Orinoco River]

1596 ~~~ Willem Barents (Dutch navigator) discovers Spitzbergen and Barents Sea; Jan van Goyen (Dutch painter) born.

Note: On 27 January 1596, Jacob Arentson KOOL appears in the banns register of the Amsterdam Town Hall as a sailor aged about 27 years and living in Amsterdam; he wishes to marry Aeltje DIERIKSDR from Vollenhoven, aged 24 years. DTB 664, p. 184. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998. See also year 1610 Note.

1597 ~~~ Dutch navigator, Willem Barents, dies (b. 1547); Dutch found Batavia and Java; Dutch painter Pieter Saenredam born (d. 1665).

[Second Spanish Armada, bound for England, scattered by storms. England prescribes sentences of transportation to colonies for convicted criminals; English merchants expelled from Holy Roman Empire in retaliation of treatment of the Hanseatic League in London (see "1598"). William V, Duke of Bavaria, abdicates in favor of his son, Maximilian I, and retires to a monastery]

1598 ~~~ Dutch take Mauritius; Dutch religious author, "Philip van Marnix, Heer van Sainte-Adelgonde," who wrote an acrimonious satire of the Catholic Church, dies (b. 1538); Flemish painter Jan Brueghel's "Adoration of the Kings;" Flemish painter Rubens becomes a member of the Antwerp painters' guild; Dutch navigator Olivier van Noort begins circumnavigation of the world.

[The rule of Henry IV, "Henry of Navarre," (1589-1610) a descendant of Louis IX, begins the Bourbon Dynasty (1589-1792) in France. He renounced Protestantism in 1593, but issued the Edict of Nantes in April 1598, guaranteeing religious freedom in France to Huguenots (revoked 1685) Edict said that Catholics and Protestants must live side by side. End of French Civil War. Spain's Philip II resigns claim to French crown; country united under sole ruler, Henry IV of France. Partly from the growth of Dutch and English sea power, increased friction with England including English seizure of 61 of the Leagues vessels, and the Thirty Years War (begun 1618), the London headquarters ("Steelyard") of Hanseatic League (federation of N. German towns for protective and commercial interests) is closed. Spain's King Philip II dies; Philip III succeeds.]

1599 ~~~ Flemish painter Anthony Van Dyck (Vandyke) born (d. 1641).

[Plague outbreak in Spain]

1600 ~~~ Dutch independence (sovereignty of the "Dutch Republic of the United Provinces" recognized in 1648 when Treaty of Munster signed by Spanish) virtually assured, begins the "Golden Age" of art and literature; Amsterdam Bank founded; approximate population in Holland is 3 million; Dutch opticians invent the telescope

[English East India Company founded]

1601 ~~~ Siege of Ostend ("Oostende," now summer resort of West Flanders Province, Belgium) begun by Archduke Albert of Austria (ended 1604); Dutch painter Simon de Vlieger born (d. 1653); Dutch navigator Olivier van Noort, having begun in 1598, completes fourth circumnavigation of the world since Magellan.

1602 ~~~ Netherlands' republic grants charter to the Dutch East India Company (first modern public company), founded in Batavia with capital of £540,000:

[Spanish army, landed in Ireland end of last year, surrenders at Kinsala to England; Spanish traders in east Japan]

1603 ~~~ Jan Gruter's "Inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis Romanorum;" Dutch painter Aert van der Neer born (d. 1677).

[Terrible plague outbreak in England. Ireland amnesty]

Note: According the "Coles of Locality Trace Their Ancestry To King Cole" by Harry E. Cole, Bloomsburg, PA, this is the year brothers William and Edward Cole returned to England, while their brother, James Cole, remained in Holland. Supposedly, the three brothers fled England in the 16^th century due to Catholic / Protestant conflicts. James Cole is supposedly the ancestor of the Benton-area Cole family. No sources were included with Harry E. Cole's information, and none have yet been found to substantiate these claims.

1604 ~~~ After a three-and-a-half year siege, England takes Ostend from Dutch; Karel van Mander's history of art.

[Peace between England and Spain. England and France sign commercial treaty. English East India Company to Java, the Moluccas, and Agra]

1605 ~~~ Newspaper "Nieuwe Tijdenghen" published in Antwerp (in Belgium today).

[England claims Barbados, West Indies, as an English colony]

1607 ~~~ First English settlement on American mainland with the founding of Jamestown, Virginia]. National bankruptcy in Spain; Bank of Genoa fails; "Flight of the Earls" from Ireland to Spain, fearing arrest for attempted insurrection.

1608 ~~~ Edward Grimestone's "A General History of the Netherlands;" Dutch scientist Johann Lippershey invents the telescope; First checks, called "cash letters," in use in the Netherlands.

1609 ~~~ Start of Twelve Year's Truce between the Spanish and the Dutch (1609-1621).

[Henry Hudson explores Delaware Bay and Hudson River. Catholic League of German princes formed at Munich against Protestant Union of May 1608]

1610 ~~~ Skirmishes between English and Dutch settlers in India; Dutch East India Company introduces the term "share;" Dutch painters Adriaen van Ostade and David Teniers born; Ruben's (Flemish painter) "Raising of the Cross."

[Henry Hudson sails through Hudson's straits and discovers Hudson's Bay. Henry IV of France assassinated, succeeded by son Louis XIII, aged 9, with Queen Maria de'Medici as Regent]

Note: Barent Jacobsen KOOL was born about 1610 in Amsterdam to Jacob Arendson and Aeltje (DIERIKSDR) KOOL of Amsterdam, and was baptized on 18 May 1610 in New Church, Amsterdam; He arrived in New Amsterdam, NY, sometime before 1633 and may have lived on Bridge Street, and was employed by the West India Company. He married Marretje LEENDERTS (DE GRAW) in 1637 [location?]. He died in Kingston, Ulster Co., New Amsterdam/New York, in 1676. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998. See Also year 1596 Note.

1611 ~~~ Dutch merchants permitted to trade in Japan; Flemish painter Rubens' "Descent from the Cross."

1612 ~~~ Treaty between the Dutch and the King of Kandy of Ceylon; Dutch use Manhattan as fur-trading center for the first time; Flemish painter Rubens' "The Conversion of St. Bavon."

[Earliest colonization of the Bermudas from Virginia; John Smith's "Map of Virginia;" Tobacco planted in Virginia]

1613 ~~~ Amsterdam Exchange built; Protestant Union of Germany signs treaty of alliance with Holland; Dutch painter Gerard Dou ("Dow" and "Douw") born (d. 1675).

[English colonists in Virginia destroy French settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, and prevent French colonization of Maryland]

1614 ~~~ Adriaen Block, Dutch navigator, explores Long Island Sound and north beyond Cape Cod, including the Connecticut River and the island off Rhode Island bearing his name -- his Map of 1614 shows for the first time that Manhattan Island is separated from Long Island; University of Groningen, Holland, is founded; Cornelius Jacobsen Mey explores the Lower Delaware.

[Virginian colonists prevent French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia. Danish East India Company founded]

Note: COLE genealogy published by Harry E. COLE, Columbia Co., PA, states that Bareur Jacobszen COLE (grandson of James COLE, emigrant from England to Holland; father of Bareur is not stated), b. abt. 1595 in Holland, relocated to New Amsterdam (New York) in 1614. He was married to Marietjie TEENERTS. HEC claims that Bareur Cole's cousin James COLE settled in New England about 1620, and that another cousin, William COLE, came to Virginia in the early 1600's. ** No proof has been found to substantiate this claim; no sources were stated in the above genealogy for these claims. Recent findings indicate inconsistencies with the HEC genealogy. **

1615 ~~~ Dutch seize the Moluccas from Portuguese; English fleet defeats Portuguese off coast of Bombay; Samuel Coster's farce, "Spel van de Rijcke Man;" Flemish painter Rubens' "The Battle of the Amazons."

1616 ~~~ Archduke Maximilian of Tirol and Archduke Albert, Governor of the Netherlands, renounce their claims to Imperial throne in favor of Ferdinand of Styria; Rubens' "The Lion Hunt;" Willebrord Snellius, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (1591-1626), discovers law of refraction; First rounding of Cape Horn, by Willem Cornelis Schouten (Dutch navigator in service of the Dutch East India Co. for number of years prior to 1610; abt. 1567-1625) and Jacob Lemaire.

1617 ~~~ Dutch buy Goree Island, off Cape Verde, from natives; Duytsche Academie founded in Amsterdam by Samuel Coster; Dutch painters Gerard Terborch, Emanuel de Witte (approx.), and Peter Lely, Dutch-English painter, born; Flemish painter Anthony Van Dyck's "A Study of Four Negro Heads."

1618 ~~~ Dutch West African Company founded; Van Dyck becomes member of Antwerp guild of painters; Gerbrand Adriensz Bredero, Dutch dramatist, dies.

[Count Matthias von Thurn leads Bohemians to revolt against Catholic policy of the Regents in Prague; Beginning of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) in Prague when Regents thrown from Palace windows]

1620 ~~~ Aelbert Cuyp (Dutch landscape painter) born; Flemish painters, Rubens' "Chapeau de paille" and Van Dyck's "St. Sebastian;" Dutch scientist Cornelius Drebbel discovers scarlet "bow dye."

[In France, Nobles revolt against Louis XIII until Richelieu makes peace; Massacre of Protestants in the Valtelline. English volunteers leave for service with Elector Palatine's army in Bohemia. Pilgrims leave England for Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts, under Miles Standish; John Carver first governor of Plymouth Colony]

1621 ~~~ Philip III of Spain dies, succeeded by son Philip IV: Twelve years truce between Holland and Spain (see "1609") ends & war resumes; Dutch West India Company chartered and later acquired North American coast from Chesapeake Bay to Newfoundland (see "1623" & "1626"); Flemish painter Van Dyke's "Rest on the Flight into Egypt;" Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch musician (b. 1562), dies .

[Huguenot rebellion against Louis XIII of France. Sir Francis Wyatt new governor of Virginia; English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia]

1622 ~~~ Dutch painter Willem Kalf born (alternate b. date 1619); Flemish painter Rubens' "The Medici Cycle."

[Treaty of Montpellier ends rebellion of the Huguenots]

1623 ~~~ Dutch massacre English colonists at Amboyna, Molucca Islands; Abbas I, Shah of Persia (1586-1629) conquers Baghdad and signing of Commercial treaty between Holland and Persia; Piet Hein, Dutch adventurer, captures Bahia from Spain; New Netherlands in America formally organized as a province (see "1626"); Dutch painter Rembrandt becomes pupil of J.I. Swanenburg in Leiden; Flemish painter Van Dyck's "Cardinal Bentivoglio."

[First English settlement in New Hampshire at Little Harbor by David Thomas]

1624 ~~~ Dutch settle in New Amsterdam; Birth of the Dutch philosopher Arnold Geulincx.

[England declares war on Spain; Virginia Company dissolved & Virginia becomes a colony of the crown with Sir Francis Wyatt governor again. George Fox, founder of Society of Friends, born]

1625 ~~~ Spanish General Ambrogio Spinola (1569-1630) takes Breda from Dutch after 11-month siege; Dutch dramatist Joost van den Vondel's(1587-1679) political drama, "Palamedes;" Flemish painter Jan Brueghel the Elder's"Velvet Brueghel" and died same year.

[In England, James I succeeded by Charles I, who marries Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV and Maria de'Medici; plague in London, Parliament adjourned to Oxford]

1626 ~~~ Peter Minuit (1580-1638), director-general of Dutch West India Company's settlement in North America, buys in May the entire Island of Manhattan from native Indian chiefs; Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (today's New York) founded on Hudson River in North America, the purchase of which was considered a minor transaction of the time and which mainly came about as an incidental result of Henry Hudson, an English explorer in the service of the West Dutch India Company, making an unsuccessful attempt to find a sea route to China and the Indies around North America; Flemish painters, Rubens' "Assumption of the Virgin" altarpiece at Antwerp and Van Dyck's "Marchesa Paola Adorno and Her Son;" Dutch painter Jan Steen born.

[Peace of La Rochelle between Huguenots and French crown]

1627 ~~~ Adriaen de Vries, Dutch sculptor, dies; Dutch painter Rembrandt's "The Money-Changer" and Flemish painter Rubens' "Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine."

[Huguenots rise again; George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, sails with fleet to aid them in defending La Rochelle, but fails]

1628 ~~~ Dutch occupy Java and the Moluccas; Dutch painter Jacob van Ruisdael born.

1629 ~~~ Pieter de Hooch (Dutch painter) & Christian Huygens (Dutch mathematician & scientist) born; Dutch mathematician Albert Gerard uses brackets, etc., in mathematics; Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens knighted by Charles I; Flemish painter Van Dyck's"Rinaldo and Armida."

[In France, Peace of Alais ends Huguenot (who were deprived of their privileged positions in French political life) revolt of 1622-1628, crushed by Cardinal Richelieu. Peace of Susa ends war between England and France. Massachusetts colony formed]

1630 ~~~ Flemish painter Rubens' "Blessings of Peace."

[Puritan John Winthrop arrives in Massachusetts, founds Boston. Treaty of Madrid ends Anglo-French war. International pirates, "buccaneers," settle in Tortuga off northwest coast of Hispaniola]

1631 ~~~ Dutch West India Company founds settlement at Delaware river; Dutch painter Rembrandt's portrait of his mother (alternate date of 1639).

1632 ~~~ COLE/KOOL LINE HAS COME TO AMERICA BEFORE 1633. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch zoologist), Baruch Spinoza (Dutch philosopher), and Jan Vermeer & Nicholaes Maes (Dutch painters) born; Flemish painter Van Dyke appointed Charles I court painter; Dutch painter Rembrandt's "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaas Tulp."

Note: Barent Jacobsen KOOL relocates from Amsterdam, the Netherlands, to New Amsterdam/New York sometime before 1633, and is employed by the West India Company. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998. See also 1610 Note.

[England's Charles I orders charter for Maryland colony under Lord Baltimore's control]

1633 ~~~ Dutch settle in Connecticut; Dutch painter Rembrandt's "Saskia;" Jacob van Campen and Pieter Post's "Mauritshuis, the Hague;" Willem van de Velde the Younger, Dutch painter, born; Flemish painter Van Dyke's "Charles I."

[Outbreak of the plague in Bavaria leads to passion play vow in Oberammergau, first re-enacted in 1634 and then every ten years. Joseph Cotton becomes a religious leader in Boston. First Baptist Church formed at Southwark, London]

1634 ~~~ Island of Curaçao captured by Dutch forces; Dutch painter Rembrandt's "Artemisia;" University of Utrecht founded.

1635 ~~~ Dutch occupy Formosa, English Virgin Islands, French Martinique; Cornelius Jansen (see "1638") publishes "Mars gallus" against Richelieu; Dutch painter Rembrandt's "Self-Portrait with Saskia."

1636 ~~~ Dutch settle in Ceylon; Flemish painter Van Dyck's "Charles I on Horseback."

1637 ~~~ COLE/KOOL LINE IS IN AMERICA SINCE ABT. 1633. Dutch under Frederick Henry of Orange recapture Breda; Dutch expel Portuguese from Gold Coast; Jan Swammerdam, Dutch naturalist, born; commercial collapse of Dutch tulip trade.

Note: Barent Jacobsen KOOL (b. abt. 1610 in Amsterdam) married Marretje LEENDERTS (DE GRAW) in 1637 [location? probably somewhere in New Amsterdam]. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998. See Also year "1596" Note.

1638 ~~~ Schouwburg Theater opens in Amsterdam; Joost van den Vondel's (Dutch dramatist 1587-1679) "Gijsbrecht van Amstel" historical drama; Cornelius Jansen, Dutch theologian, father of "Jansenism," dies; Dutch painters Meindert Hobbema born & Adriaen Brouwer (b. 1606) dies; Flemish painter Van Dyck paints "Lords John and Bernard Stuart;" Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Younger's (b. 1564) "Hell Brueghel," dies.

1639 ~~~ Dutch painter Rembrandt (1606-1669) paints portrait of his mother (alternate date of 1631).

1640 ~~~ Joost van den Vondel's "Joseph in Egypt," a religious drama; Uriel Acosta, Dutch-Jewish philosopher, commits suicide; Dutch Roman-Catholic theologian (d. 1585-1638 of the plague), Cornelius Jansen's "Augustinus," treatise against Jesuit doctrines includes denial of the orthodox Catholic doctrine of freedom of will (posth.); Dutch painter Rembrandt's "Self-Portrait;" Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens died.

1641 ~~~ The Augustinus of 1640 prohibited by a decree of the Inquisition (In early 1700s when many were forced to give up Jansenism, a large number of Appellants fled France & emigrated to the Netherlands, where they formed a community with Utrecht as a center); Flemish painter Van Dyck's "Prince William of Orange."

1642 ~~~ Pope Urban VIII condemns Jansen's [dec.] "Augustinus" at instigation of Jesuits; Dutch painter Rembrandt paints "The Night Watch;" Portuguese cede the Gold Coast to the Dutch; Dutch explorer Abel Tasman (1603-1659) discovers Tasmania and New Zealand.

[English Civil War begins; "Roundheads;" Cardinal Richelieu dies; all theaters in England closed by Puritans until 1660]

1643 ~~~ Dutch painter Adriaen van Ostade's "Slaughtered Pig."

[English Civil War continues; Confederation of New England formed by Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay Colony]

1644 ~~~ Dutch painter Rembrandt's "Woman Taken in Adultery;" Dutch settlement in Mauritius; Tasman charters parts of northern and western Australia (New Holland); death of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer.

[English Civil War continues; William Penn, English Quaker, born.]

1645 ~~~ Dutch occupy St. Helena; Hugo Grotius, Dutch jurist and statesman, dies; Rembrandt's "The Rabbi."

[English Civil War continues]

1646 ~~~ Rembrandt's "Adoration of the Shepherds."

[English Civil War ends with surrender of Oxford to Roundheads]

1647 ~~~ Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch poet, dies.

1648 ~~~ Rembrandt's "The Pilgrims at Emmaus;" Jacob van Campen's (d. 1655) "Amsterdam Town Hall;" Spain relinquishes all claim to the Netherlands under the "Peace of Westphalia," which ended the Thirty Years' War, but was condemned by Pope Innocent X; Spain signs the "Treaty of Munster," recognizing the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic of the United Provinces, and severing all ties with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire; Soon after, the Dutch Republic becomes one of the great powers of the continent.

[George Fox (1624-1691) founds the Society of Friends (become known as Quakers in 1650 when he says, "I bid them tremble at the word of the Lord"). Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War and is condemned by Pope Innocent X]

1649 ~~~ David Teniers the Elder, Dutch painter, dies; Dutch physician Isbrand de Diemerbrock publishes his study of the plague, "De peste."

[In France, War of the Fronde begins; Puritan exiles from Virginia settle in Providence, Maryland]

1650 ~~~ Dutch and English agree about respective frontiers of their North American colonies; Joost van den Vondel's "Manual of Dutch Poetry."

1651 ~~~ English Navigation Act is directed against the Dutch, giving English ships foreign trade monopoly; Dutch settle at Cape of Good Hope; Dutch painter Rembrandt's "Girl with a Broom."

1652 ~~~ English defeat Dutch at Battle of the Downs off Folkestone before they declare war.

1653 ~~~ COLE/KOOL LINE IS NOW IN AMERICA. English defeat Dutch off Portland, North Foreland, and Texel.

[In France, End of Fronde, wiping out the last bits of French feudalism]

Note: Barent Jacobsen KOOL (b. abt. 1610 in Amsterdam) and Marretje LEENDERTS (DE GRAW) sixth child is born: Theunis Barentsen KOOL/COOL, b. abt. 1653 New Amsterdam/New York, bapt. 19 Sep 1697 in Kingston, RDC, Ulster Co., NY. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998.

1654 ~~~ Treaty of Westminster ends Anglo-Dutch war; Dutch recognize Navigation Act; Portuguese finally drive the Dutch from Brazil; Dutch painter Rembrandt's "Portrait of Jan Six."

1664 ~~~ The British capture New Amsterdam from the Dutch, renaming it New York.

1676 ~~~ COLE/KOOL LINE IS NOW IN AMERICA. Settlement of boundary between Eastern and Western New Jersey.

Note: Barent Jacobsen KOOL (b. abt. 1610 in Amsterdam) dies in Kingston, Ulster Co., New Amsterdam/New York, in 1676. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998.

1686 ~~~ COLE/KOOL LINE IS NOW IN AMERICA.

Note: Theunis Barentsen COOL marries second wife, Willemje LANGET on 22 Nov 1696. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998.

1697 ~~~ COLE/KOOL LINE IS NOW IN AMERICA.

Note: Theunis Barentsen COOL and Willemje LANGET son is born: Teunis COOL, b. abt. 1697 in Kingston, Ulster Co., NY; bapt. on 19 Sep 1697 in Kingston RDC, Ulster Co., NY. Teunis marries Zara BIKS (Sarah BIGGS) 1720 in Kingston. He moves to Bergen Co., NJ, then to Somerset Co., NJ. Sometime after 1724, moves to Hunterdon Co., NJ. Buys 400 acres of the Coxe tract in 1727 and lives there until his death in 1760. From Brad COLE, Annapolis, MD, May 1998.

Son of Sarah & Teunis COOL is Benjamin COLE, b. abt. 1724 in Kingston; marries Geertje ("Charity" or "Gertrude") COURSEN 1752; he dies in 1762.

Son of Benjamin & Geertje COLE is Ezekiel COLE, b. 24 May 1756 in Hunterdon Co., NJ; marries 1) Rebecca COLEMAN in 1779; 2) Elizabeth HESS in 1790 in First Reformed Church, Easton, PA; He dies 10 June 1829 and is buried in St. Gabriel's Cemetery, Cole's Creek (R.R. Benton), Sugarloaf Twp., Columbia Co., PA.

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